It packages material synthesised inside the cell and dispatches them. It is absent in bacteria, blue-green algae, mature sperms and red blood cells of mammals and other animals. (iii) Golgi apparatus: It consists of a set of membrane-bounded, fluid-filled vesicles, vacuoles and flattened cisternae (closed sacs). It plays an important part in the synthesis of proteins. (ii) Ribosomes: are dense, spherical and granular particles that occur freely in the matrix (cytosol) or remain attached to the ER. (b) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): which is without ribosomes and is meant for secreting lipids.ĮR forms supporting skeletal framework of the cell and also provides a pathway for the distribution of nuclear material from one cell to another. (a) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): with ribosomes attached on its surface for synthesising proteins. (i) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Inside the cell, there exists a membranous network enclosing a fluid-filled lumen that almost filled the intracellular cavity. The cytoplasm consists of an aqueous substance cytosol in which a variety of cell organelles and other inclusions like insoluble waste and storage products (starch, lipid etc.) are present. The inner layer of it is known as the endoplasm and the outer is known as the cell cortex or ectoplasm. Cytoplasm: The part of the cell which occurs between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. Inside the nucleus, chromatin material is present which is composed of a genetic substance DNA and is responsible for the transmission of characteristic features from one generation to another.Ĥ. It controls the structure and working of cells. It is covered by a two membrane envelope.ģ. It represents the whole eukaryotic complex that contains genetic information.Ģ. Also known as the factory of Ribosomes because of ribosome formation.ġ.
It is rich in protein and RNA (ribonucleic acid). It also separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and its pores contain liquid known as nucleoplasm which is embedded with two structures – the nucleolus and chromatin material. Space between the nuclear envelope is connected to the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Bounded by two nuclear membranes forming a nuclear envelope. Nucleus: It is a spherical cellular component, centrally located in the cell and filled with a fluid namely cytoplasm. Its major function is to provide protection and strength to the cell.ģ. It is made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin. It is nonliving, quite thick and rigid but generally permeable. Cell Wall: It occurs in plants and presents outside the plasma membrane. Its major function is to hold cellular contents and control the passage of materials in and out of the cell.Ģ. Made up of lipids, proteins and a small number of carbohydrates. It is a living and quite thin, flexible and selectively permeable membrane. Present in cells of plants, animals and microorganisms.
Plasma Membrane: It is the outer covering of each cell. Image courtesy: Therefore, the structure of the Cell consists of:ġ. Some bacteria perform photosynthesis, but their chlorophyll is not relegated to an organelle.It is important to know the component of cell i.e Plasma Membrane, Cell Wall, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Golgi bodies, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, and Plastids etc. Like plant cells, photosynthetic protists also have chloroplasts. The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which captures the light energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis. The light harvesting reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes, and the synthesis of sugar takes place in the fluid inside the inner membrane, which is called the stroma. The space inside the thylakoid membranes is called the thylakoid space. Figure: The Chloroplast Structure: The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and membrane structures called thylakoids that are stacked into grana. The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane that surrounds the grana is called the stroma.
Each stack of thylakoids is called a granum (plural = grana). Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have outer and inner membranes, but within the space enclosed by a chloroplast’s inner membrane is a set of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs called thylakoids. This is a major difference between plants and animals plants (autotrophs) are able to make their own food, like sugars, while animals (heterotrophs) must ingest their food. Photosynthesis is the series of reactions that use carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to make glucose and oxygen. Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles that carry out photosynthesis. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, but chloroplasts have an entirely different function.